增强型体外反搏治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床研究


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【摘要】 目的:观察增强型体外反搏在慢性心力衰竭患者治疗中的临床疗效。方法:120例慢性心力衰竭患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各60例。治疗组在对照组基础上加用增强型体外反搏,两组患者追踪观察3年。观察患者的6 min步行试验、左室收缩功能(LVEF)、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、再住院率和病死率。结果:与治疗前比较,两组6 min步行试验均有改善,但治疗组改善情况明显优于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后LVEF值无明显提高,治疗组LVEF值显著提高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组NT-proBNP较对照组明显降低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者心血管事件再住院率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:增强型体外反搏可以改善慢性心力衰竭患者左室收缩功能,提高心衰患者的运动耐量,减少因心脏事件再住院次数,从而改善患者生活质量,安全有效,值得推广应用。

【关键词】 增强型体外反搏; 慢性心力衰竭; 临床研究

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the clinical curative effect of enhanced external counterpulsation(EECP)in the patients with chronic heart failure.Method:120 patients with chronic heart failure were randomly divided into control group and treatment group,60 cases in each group.Besides the basis of control group the treatment group received EECP,two groups were followed up for 3 years.The 6 min walking test,left ventricular systolic function (LVEF),N terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP), rate of hospitalization and mortality in two groups were evaluated.Result:Compared with before treatment,6 min walking experiments improved in both groups,the treatment group improved more significantly,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Control group had no obvious raise in LVEF value, while the treatment group increased significantly,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The decrease of NT-proBNP value in treatment group was more significant than control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The cardiovascular events, rate of hospitalization and fatality of two groups had no significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:EECP improves the LVEF value and relieves the exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure,reduce the probability of readmission on heart attacks,then improves the patients’ quality of life.It is safe and effective, worthy of popularizing and applying.

【Key words】 Enhanced external counterpulsation; Congestive heart failure; Clinical research

First-author’s address:Pingyi County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Pingyi 273300,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2016.19.036

目前,随着人口老龄化进程的加速,慢性心衰发病率呈逐年上升趋势,其5年存活率与恶性肿瘤相仿,已成为亟待解决的公共卫生问题之一。既往对于心衰的治疗主要侧重于急性期住院治疗缓解症状、改善体征,主要以药物治疗为主,近年来心衰患者的早期康复及出院返家后的康复治疗越来越受到重视[1-5]。本研究应用增强型体外反搏(enhanced external counterpulsation,EECP)加常规西药治疗慢性心力衰竭,安全有效,取得较好临床疗效,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 本研究所有病例均通过平邑县中医院伦理委员会审查批准,患者签署知情同意书。全部病例均为本院自2013年1月-2015年1月心血管科门诊、住院及体外反搏中心收治的患者,严格按照诊断标准、纳入标准、排除标准,共筛选120例,按患者就诊顺序随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各60例。两组患者的年龄、体重、性别比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 诊断标准 参照中华医学会心血管分会推荐的心衰竭临床评定标准:纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,左室射血分数(LVEF)30%~45%。

1.3 排除标准 排除患有严重脑、肝、肾、精神及心理疾病;急性心肌梗死3个月内;显著的主动脉瓣关闭不全,主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤;心瓣膜病、先天性心脏病、心肌病伴明显的血流动力学障碍;出血性疾病或有明显的出血倾向;下肢感染、静脉炎、严重的静脉曲张、深静脉栓塞;进展性恶性疾病(如肿瘤)或预后差的严重疾病;收缩压≥180 mm Hg或舒张压≥110 mm Hg;影响反搏治疗的严重心律失常(如房早、室早、房颤)者。

1.4 方法 两组患者均常规给予阿司匹林、β-受体阻断剂、ACEI类、醛固酮受体拮抗剂等,治疗组在对照组基础上加用体外反搏治疗。应用重庆普施康科技发展有限公司产P-ECP/TI型氧饱和度监测式体外反搏机,气囊压力0.35~0.45 kg/cm2,40 min/次,1次/d,以35 d为1个疗程,每年进行2个疗程。

1.5 观察指标 6 min步行试验、LVEF、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、再住院率和病死率。治疗开始前及最后疗程结束后,分别测定6 min步行距离。本院超声科同一名医师运用飞利浦彩色超声诊断仪,iE-Elite机型,高频探头L11-3 MHz测定治疗前后LVEF。抽取静脉血2 mL,立即高速离心分离出血浆,采用电化学发光双抗体夹心免疫法测定NT-proBNP,仪器为瑞士罗氏公司Roche,罗氏Roche proBNP试剂条,检测范围5~35 000 pg/mL,批内误差2.2%~5.8%。心血管事件再住院率、病死率由医师进行专门统计,其他所有指标以疗程末检查结果进行统计,统计病例均完成了3年疗程,LVEF正常的单纯舒张功能不全心衰患者未予统计。

1.6 统计学处理 使用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料采用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组6 min步行试验结果比较 两组6 min步行实验距离,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且治疗组的改善程度明显好于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。

2.2 两组的左室射血分数比较 两组治疗前LVEF值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后对照组LVEF值无明显变动,而治疗组变化明显,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

2.3 两组治疗前后的N末端脑钠肽前体

(NT-proBNP)比较 治疗前两组患者NT-proBNP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后两组患者NT-proBNP水平均有明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗组下降程度明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。

2.4 两组治疗前后心血管事件再住院率和病死率比较 治疗组和对照组心血管事件再住院率分别为38.3%和63.3%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组病死率分别为26.7%和33.3%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表4。

3 讨论

国外于20世纪70年代即注意到心衰患者出院后管理及康复治疗对于疾病预后的影响,我国也在1991年成立了中国康复医学心血管病专业委员会。但我国心衰患者康复事业刚刚起步,无论是临床医生,还是心衰患者本身,都对心衰的康复治疗缺乏足够认识。大量研究证实,系统完善的心衰康复计划可降低心血管风险和主要心血管事件。因此,探讨行之有效的心脏康复疗法对心衰患者具有积极的意义[6-13]。

增强型体外反搏是一种用于治疗缺血性疾病的无创性辅助循环方法,自20世纪70年代末起即在中国被广泛应用于缺血性心脏病及中风的治疗[14-17]。1992年美国食品药品管理局(FDA)确认EECP可以应用于稳定及不稳定性心绞痛、急性心肌梗死和心源性休克的治疗,2002年又将充血性心力衰竭纳入其适应证。本研究在西药规范治疗的基础上,应用EECP治疗慢性心力衰竭60例,经3年严格的前瞻性随机对照观察,结果表明两组6 min步行实验均有改善,但治疗组改善情况明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后LVEF值无明显提高,治疗组LVEF值显著提高,治疗组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组治疗后N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)较对照组明显降低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者心血管事件再住院率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

根据已经发表的随机对照试验和国际EECP患者注册研究(IEPR)结果,结合近年来EECP临床应用研究的国内外文献[3-8],其临床疗效可归纳为以下几个方面:(1)缓解心绞痛和心功能不全症状,改善心功能级别;(2)定量心肌灌注显像提示缺血灶缩小或消失;(3)延长心绞痛患者的运动时间及运动诱发心肌缺血发作的时间;(4)延长心功能不全患者的运动时间;(5)减少或消除抗心绞痛药物的使用;(6)改善生活质量。其长期效果主要是通过作用于血管内皮细胞来实现的,具体表现在:(1)血管张力调节与血管活性物质的释放:包括EECP后冠心病患者循环一氧化氮(NO)水平逐渐升高,内皮素-1(ET-1)水平逐渐降低;(2)抑制炎性物质的释放:Casey等[18]证实,35 h的EECP治疗能使循环内的TNF-α和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)水平分别降低了29%和20%,上述改变与患者的临床症状改善相吻合;(3)抑制动脉内膜增殖与动脉粥样硬化损害,其分子机制与下调丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族活性水平的异常增高、抑制NF-κB的过度活化、增强内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)/NO途径、下调内皮细胞整合素β1及缔结组织生长因子(CTGF)基因的表达有关;(4)增加循环内皮祖细胞;(5)改善血流介导的血管舒张功能(FMD);(6)减轻外周动脉血管的僵硬度,增加血管的顺应性[19-21]。

综上所述,本研究应用EECP治疗慢性心力衰竭,作为一种无创伤性的非运动治疗方式,在保护心脏、提高运动耐量的同时提高了治疗的安全性。同时,EECP治疗通过改善心脏功能以及全身的病理生理环境,使体验过EECP一系列治疗的患者能积极参与运动康复训练,极大地提高了心血管康复的依从性和临床效果,有着很好的临床应用前景。至于如何将EECP有机地与心理干预、营养、生活方式改变等其他心血管康复手段相融合,还有待进一步的临床研究证实。

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