生长分化因子—15水平与急性冠脉综合征的相关性分析及其在预后中的价值

【摘要】 目的:针对生长分化因子-15(growth differentiation factor-15,GDF-15)与急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)的相关性进行研究,并联合心肌梗死标记物三项[肌钙蛋白(cTnI)、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)、肌红蛋白(MYO)]来评估其在ACS患者预后中的价值。方法:106例住院患者,将其分成两组:ACS组73例,根据Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events(GRACE)危险评分将ACS组依次分为低危组、中危组、高危组三个亚组;行冠脉造影排除冠心病的33例患者为对照组。检测各组心梗三项等生化指标,运用ELISA法检测血清GDF-15水平,并随访入选的缩影患者的1年期主要不良心脏事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)。结果:与对照组相比,ACS组及其亚组(包括低危、中危、高危组)GDF-15水平均明显增高(P<0.01)。ACS亚组中,高危组GDF-15水平较低危组、中危组明显升高(P<0.05)。GRACE评分与ACS组GDF-15水平呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.01)。ACS及其亚组GDF-15水平与cTnI、CKMB、MYO水平均呈正相关性(r=0.55、0.56、0.59、0.54、P<0.01)。ACS组患者1年MACE发生率较对照组明显增加(P<0.001)。结论:ACS组及其亚组患者的GDF-15水平升高显著,与心梗三项、GRACE危险评分均呈正相关,可应用于预测ACS的MACE发生及评价其预后。

【关键词】 生长分化因子-15; 急性冠脉综合征; 肌钙蛋白; 肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶; 肌红蛋白

【Abstract】 Objective:To approach the relationship between the levels of growth differentiation factor-15(GDF-15) and acute coronary syndrome(ACS),and combined with myocardial infarction three indicators(cTnI,CKMB,MYO) to assess the value in the prognosis of ACS.Method:A total of 106 hospitalized patients who were divided into two groups:ACS group(n=73) and the control group(n=33).ACS group was divided into three sub-groups such as low-risk group,mid-risk group and high-risk group according to Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events(GRACE) risk score.33 cases of patients excluded coronary artery disease by coronary arteriography were treated as the control group.Biochemical indicators such as cTnI,CK-MB,MYO were tested in all groups.The levels of GDF-15 were determined by antibody-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).And the major adverse cardiac events(MACE) were followed up for one year.Result:Compared with the control group,the analysis showed that GDF-15 in ACS group and its sub-groups(low-risk group,mid-risk group and high-risk group) were significantly increased(P<0.01),GDF-15 increased obviously in high-risk group than low-risk group,mid-risk group(P<0.05).GDF-15 in ACS group had a positive correlation with GRACE risk score(r=0.57,P<0.01).GDF-15 was positively correlated with cTnI,CK-MB,and MYO(r=0.55,0.56,0.59,0.54,P<0.01) in ACS group and its sub-groups.The occurrence rate of MACE in one year was greated elevated in ACS group compared with the control group(P<0.001).Conclusion:The levels of GDF-15 in ACS group an sub-groups are markedly increased,also had a positive correlation with GRACE risk score and myocardial infarction three indicators.It can be used to evaluate the occurrence and prognosis of MACE in one year of ACS.

【Key words】 Growth differentiation factor-15; Acute coronary syndrome; Troponin I; CKMB; MYO

First-author’s address:Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212001,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2016.29.002

急性冠脉综合征(ACS)是一种严重威胁人类健康的较为复杂的多因素水平的疾病,故能够寻求用于指导ACS治疗及其预后判断的特异性心血管生化标记物则具有重要意义。近几年的研究显示,GDF-15在炎症因子、缺血等刺激下,其表达水平增加显著[1-2]。GDF-15是制订治疗心血管疾病决策的新的心血管标记物[3-5]。而作为公认的一种新兴的标记物,GDF-15在心肌缺血、缺血再灌注等病理生理过程中水平明显增高,是对抗心血管损伤的保护因子[6-7],进而发挥其保护作用。本文通过GRACE评分对ACS患者进行分组,分析GDF-15水平与疾病间的意义,是否可作为ACS危险程度的有效标记物,判断GDF-15及心梗三项在ACS患者中的相关性及其对ACS的预后中的价值,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 选择2014年1月-2015年1月在江苏大学附属医院心内科住院患者106例,分为两组:ACS组73例:按照GRACE评分结果,分为三个亚组:低危组31例,中危组24例,高危组18例;男49例,女24例。入选病例均符合AHA/ACC关于ACS诊断指南的诊断标准。对照组(按AHA/WHO标准并经相关检查排除冠心病者)33例,男21例,女12例,均经冠状动脉造影证实冠状动脉三支血管无狭窄或狭窄程度<50%。排除标准:重症创伤及感染、风湿免疫疾病、恶性肿瘤、血液疾病、严重的肝肾功能不全、预期存活寿命<1年者。

1.2 方法 患者入院后完整采集病史,采集空腹静脉血,常规完善血细胞、心梗三项、血生化等检验,另取3 mL静脉血,凝固、离心后收取血清,按序编号后-20 ℃储存。采用ELISA法检测血清GDF-15水平,所用试剂购自上海明睿生物(R&D Systems)。所有入选患者随访1年MACE,包括急性急性心肌梗死、心绞痛、心力衰竭、猝死,分析GDF-15水平与MACE的关系。

1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0统计软件,,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用 字2检验。采用Pearson直线相关分析法行相关性分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 各组患者临床资料比较 与对照组相比,ACS组及其亚组各临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

2.2 ACS组与对照组GDF-15水平比较 与对照组相比,ACS组血清GDF-15水平显著增高(P<0.01)。ACS亚组中,高危组血清GDF-15水平与中危组和低危组相比,均明显升高(P<0.05)。GRACE评分结果与ACS组GDF-15水平呈现正相关性(r=0.57,P<0.01)。见表1。

2.3 ACS组与对照组心梗三项水平比较 与对照组相比,ACS及其各亚组中cTnI、CKMB、MYO水平均明显增高(P<0.01);高危组显著高于中危组、低危组(P<0.05)。见表2。

2.4 ACS组GDF-15和cTnI、CKMB、MYO以及MACE发生率的相关性 ACS组GDF-15与cTnI、CKMB、MYO的水平呈正相关性(r=0.55、0.56、0.59、0.54、P<0.01)。随访1年时间,ACS组MACE发生率较对照组显著增高(P<0.001)。中危组MACE发生率显著低于高危组(P<0.05),GDF-15水平与MACE发生率呈正相关(r=0.31,P<0.01)。见表2。

3 讨论

GDF-15是已知的转化生长因子-β超家族中的一份子,与心血管病存在相关性,它在正常人体组织内的表达具备特异性,在包括心脏等少数脏器中几乎不表达[8],而发生缺血、缺血-再灌注损伤时则表达显著升高[9]。Johnen等[2]在对基因敲除动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠过度表达GDF-15的研究中发现,小鼠的粥样斑块面积减小,GDF-15通过抑制内皮细胞的凋亡,对内皮功能具有改善的作用,并以多种方式参与动脉硬化整个过程中[10],且起到抑制动脉粥样硬化发生的作用[11]。De Jager等[12]的研究发现,GDF-15在动脉粥硬化不同时期所起的作用不尽相同,可评价粥样硬化斑块的稳定性。众所周知,ACS是冠状动脉粥不稳定斑块破裂继发血栓形成导致的一系列急性心血管疾病,上述的研究也已经提示GFD-15具备有心血管的相关保护作用,那如能证实GDF-15能够较为敏感的反应斑块稳定性且是相对特异的标志物,而且相对特异高的标志物,并由此而针对性的使用有效的治疗措施达到使冠脉斑块趋向稳定、急性心血管事件减少,患者生活质量改善以及住院频率降低的目的。

目前临床上针对ACS的危险分层意义重大,不仅可使高危患者能够尽早实施血运重建、尽早改善预后,亦可减少针对低危患者的过度医疗。GRACE评分是临床上应用于ACS患者的短、中期心脏事件风险预测的观察研究,具有较好的辨别能力,方便且更加的准确[13-16]。目前ACS的早期诊断依赖心梗三项已得到公认,因为它既有MYO对早期诊断的高敏感性,又有cTnI和CKMB的高特异性,提高了诊断的可靠性。而其中CTNI更被认为是一种理想的特异性标志物[17-20]。本研究显示,ACS组及其亚组中的血清GDF-15、心梗三项水平均明显增高,并根据GRACE评分的危险分层结果逐层升高,GDF-15与心梗三项水平之间呈正相关,GDF-15水平与GRACE结果呈正相关。随访1年,ACS组MACE发生率随GRACE评分逐级增加,而且GDF-15水平与MACE发生率亦呈正相关,这与文献[14-15]荟萃分析结果相符。故本研究提示,GDF-15可以作为类似于cTnI的ACS的心血管预后的独立预测因子,与心梗三项联合、并根据GRACE评分可以识别高危患者。能够作为ACS患者1年MACE的预测指标,具有中期预后的预测价值。对于ACS的诊断,除了现如今在临床广泛运用的心梗三项、心电图、动态心电图、心脏超声等辅助检查外,GDF-15将有可能用于早期诊断ACS、并指导下一步的施治方案,甚至作为评估ACS预后的工具。

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(收稿日期:2016-06-06) (本文编辑:程旭然)