中日白色家电业发展形态比较


  A Comparative Research of White Household Appliances" Industry Development between China and Japan
  [摘要]白色家电作为耐用消费品,发展至今已逾百年历史,从最初满足人们需求的奢侈品,演变为服务于人、改善以至美化人们生活的必需品。白色家电所凝聚的人与产品、人与机器关系的思考在当下新的物质、文化语境中仍能给我们带来启示。中日两国一衣带水,文化和习俗上的相似性使两国白色家电业相互关联、影响,但在不同的历史阶段又呈现出各自鲜明的特点,其中经典产品和设计典范体现了当时经济条件、宏观政策、技术水平以及设计理念等多种因素作用的结果。以时间为线索,分析归纳了两国白色家电业在不同时期的发展形态,论述了发展的共同点与差异性,以及对当下中国电器产品的借鉴意义。
  [关键词]白色家电;政策;技术;设计实践;品牌
  [Abstract] As durable consumer goods, white household appliances have had more than one hundred years of history, and have evolved from luxury goods of meeting people"s demands initially into the necessities of serving, improving and beautifying people"s lives. Thoughts of the relationship between men and products, men and machines from white household appliances can still bring us enlightenment in the context of new material and culture. China and Japan are close neighbors separated only by a strip of water. The similarities of the culture and custom have made their white household appliances" industries connected and influenced with each other, but industries also presented
  their distinctive features in different historical stages. Classic products and design models have embodied the result of many factors interacting with each other, such as economic conditions, macro policies, technical levels and design concepts at that time. Taking the time as the clue, this paper analyzes and summarizes development forms of the two countries" white household appliances" industries in different periods. This paper also discusses similarities and differences of their development forms, as well as the significance to our country"s present household appliance products.
  [Key words] White household ap-pliances;Policy;Technology;Design practice;Brand
  白色家电(下文或简称“白电”)是家用电器的一种,主要有电视机、电冰箱、电子烤炉、空调等。早期白电因其内置发动机体积大、实际容积大,为使电器本身看起来扁平,并与厨房、卫生间等环境相协调,多选白色,同时白色可以有效防止电器内部能量的散失,故得名。从本质上看,白电是将电能转换为热能、动能进行工作的家电产品,用以分担人们的家务劳动。
  白电的前进轨迹是亚洲地区工业化道路的缩影,在这一过程中,日本最先形成了较完备的家用电器消费市场并保持领先,而中国紧随其后建立起世界上最大的白电生产基地。纵观两国的白电发展历程(图1),前人的智慧和发展的客观差异性给当下的设计带来了无尽的启示。在研究不同发展形态产生
  的原因时,既要看到它的阶段性特点,也要依托历史发展脉络,将其置于社会整体的构成中进行考察,通过探寻创造的本质、设计的思维方式与表达方式以惠助我国家电业的持续性发展,于积累中实现超越。
  一、白色家电业萌芽期——蹒跚学步
  白色家电业在日本发展的第一阶段是1955-1965年,伴随着战后混乱到经济开始步入高速发展时期;在中国是1949-1970年,这一时期,第一个国民经济发展五年计划成就斐然,但随后的政治运动使经济陷入了严重困难时期。
  战后初期,随着日本国民收入增加、大城市消费增长,人们对家电的需求扩大,家电也在一定程度上改变了家庭的空间布局、日常活动和家庭成员的角色;同时,政府限制国外产品输入的政策刺激了家电业的生产,包括东芝、日立、三菱电机在内的日本各家用电器厂商与欧美企业开展技术合作的模式盛行开来。据日本通产省统计,作为“第一次家用电器热”阶段的带头产品,1955年,电视机总生产台数仅为14万台,普及率为2.7%;到1964年,电视机总生产台数达到530万台,普及率为93%。此时电视机与冰箱、洗衣机成为日本家电目录中的“三大件”;而中国同时期的“老四件”为手表、自行车、缝纫机、收音机,受到技术条件和消费能力的限制,家电产品尚未进入家庭领域,少量产品只供科研、医疗单位使用。