丹参酮ⅡA对心血管系统保护作用及机制的研究进展

[摘要] 心血管疾病是全球发病率和致死率最高的疾病,而丹参酮ⅡA对心血管系统具有突出的保护作用。本文综述了丹参酮ⅡA对血管内皮、平滑肌、心肌以及心肌成纤维细胞的保护作用及可能机制,从抑制细胞增殖、改善氧化应激损伤、改善迁移黏附功能等具体机制方面进行阐释,以期为丹参酮ⅡA的合理应用提供依据。

[关键词] 丹参酮ⅡA;心血管疾病;内皮细胞;平滑肌细胞;心肌细胞

[中图分类号] R972[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)05(b)-0183-03

Protective effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on cardiovascular system

JIANG Xiao-rui MIAO Lin WU Xiao-yan FAN Guan-wei▲

State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,Tianjin University of traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China

[Abstract] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to the world′s highest morbidity and mortality rates while tanshinone ⅡA plays an outstanding effect on protecting cardiovascular system.This paper reviews the effects of tanshinone ⅡA on protecting vascular endothelial cell,smooth muscle cell,cardiomyocyte and cardiac fibroblast cell and the possible mechanism of inhibiting cell proliferation,antagonizing oxidative stress,improving adhesion function and migration and other aspects to provide evidence on clinical use of tanshinone ⅡA.

[Key words] Tanshinone ⅡA;Cardiovascular disease;Endothelial cell;Smooth muscle cell;Cardiomyocyte

丹参酮ⅡA是唇形科植物丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.中的一种丹参酮型二萜类化合物,属于黄酮类化合物,是活血化瘀中药丹参中脂溶性成分的代表,具有广泛的生理活性,包括抗炎、改善血循环、抗肿瘤、清除自由基与抗氧化作用、保肝及改善肝功能、保护脊髓损伤及保护肾小管和肾间质等作用。

心血管疾病是全球发病率和致死率最高的疾病,其中冠心病是一种由多种因素诱导的冠状动脉粥样硬化导致血管腔器质性狭窄或阻塞,冠状动脉循环改变而引起冠状动脉血流和心肌需求之间不平衡,导致心肌缺血缺氧(心绞痛)或心肌坏死(心肌梗死)的心脏病。丹参酮ⅡA对心血管的保护作用突出,据文献报道[1]能够扩张冠状动脉,增加冠状动脉血流量;减慢心率,增加心肌收缩力,改善缺氧后引起的心肌代谢紊乱及心功能障碍;抗动脉粥样硬化,降低心肌耗氧量,缩小心肌梗死面积;还具有抗凝、抑制血栓形成,促进组织修复,降低血脂等多种心血管药理活性。本文就丹参酮ⅡA的心血管系统保护作用及机制的研究做一综述。

1 对血管的保护作用

1.1 对血管内皮细胞的保护作用及分子途径

对内皮细胞的损伤是血管疾病的重要事件。血流切应力及血流搏动过强刺激,血管舒张因子NO的合成减少或受损,收缩因子内皮素-1(endothelin,ET-1)合成增加,这些功能改变引起内皮依赖性舒张反应减弱,导致内皮细胞损伤[2]。

1.1.1 改善内皮细胞的氧化应激损伤在内皮细胞中,氧化应激被认为是血管内皮细胞损伤和凋亡的关键,而过氧化氢(H2O2)在诱导细胞凋亡中发挥着关键作用。Chan等[3]研究发现丹参酮ⅡA能够诱导激活转录因子-3(activating transcription factor-3,ATF-3)依赖性地抑制H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡,降低促凋亡蛋白caspase-3和p53表达的活性。Jia等[4]发现在EA.hy926细胞中显著抑制H2O2诱发的活性氧(ROS)升高,丹参酮ⅡA处理后细胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和caspase-3的表达显著下降,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达显著增加并导致Bax蛋白/Bcl-2的比例明显下降。

丹参酮ⅡA保护自由基产生造成的血管内皮细胞毒性,明显减弱乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放,提高超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物的活性,抑制脐静脉内皮细胞损伤引起的体外MDA的生成,明显抑制超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基生成[5]。

1.1.2 改善内皮细胞的迁移和黏附功能损伤对抗脂多糖(LPS)诱导的细胞迁移和黏附的减弱并能使肌动球蛋白收缩与黏着斑蛋白的聚集恢复正常,同时降低由内皮细胞损伤引起的一系列纤连蛋白、整合素蛋白A5(ITG A5)、Rho A、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酯酶、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)、黏着斑激酶、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体-2(VEGFR2)的上调,其机制可能是通过下调ITG A5来抑制Rho/Rho激酶通路[6]。

Nizamutdinova等[7]发现预处理丹参酮ⅡA可选择性抑制肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)刺激的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)血管细胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molec-ule-1,VCAM-1)的表达,这与有效抑制TNF-α介导激活的Akt,蛋白激酶C(PKC)和STAT-3的磷酸化与降低VCAM-1上游启动子区干扰素调节因子(IRF-1)或GATAs的表达并减弱其结合活性的作用有关。

Chang等[8]发现通过抑制VCAM-1、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)及趋化因子CX3CL1的表达抑制单核细胞黏附于血管内皮细胞。其机制是显著抑制TNF-α诱导的IKKα,IKKβ,IκB和NF-κB的磷酸化,抑制NF-κB核易位。丹参酮ⅡA单独作用与丹参所有成分相比,具有更有效的作用。

1.1.3 通过eNOS-NO途径改善内皮细胞功能在许多心血管疾病和代谢性疾病中,内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的解偶联可引起内皮功能障碍,可在氧化应激时调控内皮细胞EA.hy926的eNOS解偶联。作用于NOX4,HSP90,GTPCH1和DHFR和PI3K信号通路对抗高糖诱导的eNOS解偶联,从而降低细胞内的氧化应激和增加NO的生成。在某些心血管疾病和代谢疾病中可以用作原型剂恢复eNOS的耦合[9]。

Hong等[10]发现通过eNOS,PI3K与鸟苷酸环化酶途径抑制周期蛋白诱导的HUVEC细胞内皮素ET-1的表达,NO产生、eNOS的磷酸化和激活转录因子ATF-3的表达增强。

1.2 抑制血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖作用

可以通过抑制平滑肌细胞迁移和增殖[11-12]等作用减轻动脉损伤。机制包括:使血管平滑肌细胞停滞在G0/G1期,抑制MAPK、ERK1/2的活性,并降低c-fos的表达[13-14];下调钙调磷酸酶(CaN)活性,抑制CaN mRNA与增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表达[15];抑制缺氧诱导的S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)和磷酸化Akt的增加使p27蛋白降解减慢[16];升高电压门控钾离子通道Kv2.1 mRNA与蛋白表达水平[17];抑制TRPC1、TRPC6 mRNA和蛋白表达,使细胞门控钙离子通道(SOCE)开放减少,细胞内基础Ca2+浓度降低,抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)扩散和迁移[18]。

2 对心肌细胞的保护

保护心肌的机制目前尚不完全清楚,具体可分为以下几种:①与非经典雌激素受体结合,可以降低胶原沉积,刺激新的弹性蛋白生成[19];②影响心肌细胞的电生理特性,Liang等[20]发现10 mg/ml丹参酮ⅡA灌注能够缩短心肌细胞(三层)的动作电位时程APD90,降低TDR值;③通过氧化还原敏感的ERK1/2/Nrf2/HO-1和AMPK/乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)/肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(CPT)1途径参与改善抗氧化系统与脂肪酸氧化作用[21];④下调miR-1并抑制激活的p38 MAPK和心脏特殊转录因子SRF和MEF2的表达,降低缺血损伤并改善心功能[22];⑤线粒体凋亡途径,抑制H9c2心肌细胞凋亡晚期Caspase3的活性,细胞色素C释放和慢性缺氧所诱导的线粒体膜电位的变化,抑制Bax基因的过表达,降低Bax/Bcl-2比值[23];⑥干扰心肌成纤维细胞活性氧产生和激活eNOS-NO途径[24]。

综上所述,丹参酮ⅡA通过对抗血管与心肌损伤发挥心血管保护作用。除此之外,临床试验[25]也证实丹参酮ⅡA可以改善冠心病患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平并下调其他炎性标志物;Wang等[26]发现丹参酮ⅡA对心脑血管疾病具有神经保护作用;保护缺血/再灌注损伤[27],显著降低缺血/再灌注的严重程度等。很多机制需要进一步研究,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。

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(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文编辑:郭静娟)

[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81273891,81273993)

[作者简介] 蒋晓蕊(1987-),女,硕士

▲通讯作者:樊官伟(1977-),男,副研究员

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